Heterologous production of (-)-geosmin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

(-)-Geosmin has high demand in perfumes and cosmetic products for its earthy congenial aroma. The current production of (-)-geosmin is either by distillation of sun-baked soil or by inefficient chemical synthesis because of the presence of multiple chiral centers. Fermentation processes are not viable as the titers of the Streptomyces sp. based processes are low. This work presents an alternative route by the heterologous synthesis of (-)-geosmin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme involved is the bifunctional geosmin synthase that catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to germacradienol and germacradienol to geosmin. This study evaluated the activity of many orthologs of geosmin synthase when expressed heterologously in S. cerevisiae. When the well-characterized CAB41566 from Streptomyces coelicolor origin was tested, germacradienol and germacrene D were detected but no geosmin. Bioinformatic analysis based on high/low identities to N-terminal and C-terminal domains of CAB41566 was carried out to identify different orthologs of geosmin synthase proteins from different bacterial and fungal origins. ADO68918 of Stigmatella aurantiaca origin showed the best activity among the tested orthologs, not only in terms of geosmin production but also an order of magnitude higher total abundance of the products of geosmin synthase as compared to CAB41566. This study successfully demonstrated the production of (-)-geosmin in S. cerevisiae and offers an alternative, sustainable and environment-friendly approach to producing (-)-geosmin.

Improved Quantification of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Farmed Fish Using Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

A requisite to improving the taste and odor attributes of farmed fish is the availability of accurate and practical analytical methods to quantify 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) enables reliable measurement of nanogram per liter quantities of MIB and GSM in water. In contrast, direct headspace (HS)-SPME of biological matrices with variable proximate compositions can increase bias and uncertainty in off-flavor determinations. Analytical recovery plays a crucial role in the accurate determination of MIB and GSM in fish, and this study investigates strategies to maximize and account for this recovery factor. MIB and GSM values in off-flavor catfish and trout were measured using direct HS-SPME and distillation as sample preparation techniques. Trout samples prepared by distillation yielded 10-fold higher GSM recoveries than those from direct HS-SPME (31% versus 3%). A stable isotope dilution method (SIDM) was implemented by routinely spiking samples with known quantities of deuterium-labeled MIB and GSM, allowing for the correction of sample-to-sample recovery deviations. SIDM-determined GSM values generated recoveries of 106 and 95% for direct HS-SPME and distilled trout, respectively. Aspects of the strategies and techniques presented can be incorporated into existing analytical methods to improve the accuracy and sample throughput. Particularly, routine inclusion of SIDM in the evaluation of MIB and GSM can facilitate identification of reliable practices to control off-flavors in aquaculture.

Analysis of vitamin D receptor binding affinities of enzymatically synthesized triterpenes including ambrein and unnatural onoceroids.

Onoceroids are a rare family of triterpenes. One representative onoceroid is ambrein, which is the main component of ambergris used as a traditional medicine. We have previously identified the onoceroid synthase, BmeTC, in Bacillus megaterium and succeeded in creating ambrein synthase by introducing mutations into BmeTC. Owing to the structural similarity of ambrein to vitamin D, a molecule with diverse biological activities, we hypothesized that some of the activities of ambergris may be induced by the binding of ambrein to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We demonstrated the VDR binding ability of ambrein. By comparing the structure-activity relationships of triterpenes with both the VDR affinity and osteoclastic differentiation-promoting activity, we observed that the activity of ambrein was not induced via the VDR. Therefore, some of the activities of ambergris, but not all, can be attributed to its VDR interaction. Additionally, six unnatural onoceroids were synthesized using the BmeTC reactions, and these compounds exhibited higher VDR affinity than that of ambrein. Enzymatic syntheses of onoceroid libraries will be valuable in creating a variety of bioactive compounds beyond ambergris.

Spatiotemporally Controlled Photolabeling of Genetically Unmodified Proteins in Live Cells.

Selective labeling of the protein of interest (POI) in genetically unmodified live cells is crucial for understanding protein functions and kinetics in their natural habitat. In particular, spatiotemporally controlled installation of the labels on a POI under light control without affecting their original activity is in high demand but is a tremendous challenge. Here, we describe a novel ligand-directed photoclick strategy for spatiotemporally controlled labeling of endogenous proteins in live cells. It was realized with a designer labeling reagent skillfully integrating the photochemistries of 2-nitrophenylpropyloxycarbonyl and 3-hydroxymethyl-2-naphthol with an affinity ligand. Highly electrophilic ortho-naphthoquinone methide was photochemically released and underwent a proximity coupling reaction with nucleophilic amino acid residues on the POI in live cells. With fluorescein as a marker, this photoclick strategy enables time-resolved labeling of carbonic anhydrase subtypes localized either on the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm and a discriminable visualization of their metabolic kinetics. Given the versatility underlined by facilely tethering other functional entities (e.g., biotin, a peptide short chain) via acylation or (in cell) Huisgen cycloaddition, this affinity-driven photoclick chemistry opens up enormous opportunities for discovering dynamic functions and mechanistic interrogation of endogenous proteins in live cells.

Characterization and finding the origin of off-flavor compounds in Nile tilapia cultured in net cages in hydroelectric reservoirs, São Paulo State, Brazil.

An increasing demand for fish products has led to an intensive aquaculture production in Brazil, and cultivation of fish constituted 860 × 103 tons in 2022, contributing to the 87% of total fish consumption. Nile tilapia constitutes almost half of the aquaculture production, and most tilapia farms use floating net cages. One of the major constraints of intensive fish production is production of off-flavors. Release of nutrients by the fish leads to deterioration of the water quality and stimulates growth of microorganisms, also including off-flavor producing species. The objective of this study was to determine levels of taste and odor compounds (geosmin, 2-MIB and a selection of volatile compounds) and their impact on the flavor quality of Nile tilapia produced in net cages in reservoirs in São Paulo State, Brazil. GC-MS analysis of fish and water from six different farms showed concentrations of geosmin in the water from 1 to 8 ng/L, while geosmin in fish flesh ranged from 40 to 750 ng/kg. The level of 2-MIB in water was 2 to 25 ng/L, and 0 to 800 ng/kg fish. The GC-MS analysis also revealed presence of more than 100 volatile organic compounds in the fish flesh, consisting of aldehydes, alcohols, benzene derivatives, hydrocarbons, ketones and few other compounds. Geosmin and 2-MIB related flavor notes were detected in all fish by a sensory panel, and a high correlation between the chemical and sensory analyses was found. The potential impact of the volatile organic compounds on the fish flavor is discussed. Analysis of the water quality in the reservoirs indicated that levels of geosmin and 2-MIB levels were highly influenced by the nutrient levels in the water.

Synthesis of Bioactive Aminomethylated 8-Hydroxyquinolines via the Modified Mannich Reaction.

8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) is a widely known and frequently used chelating agent, and the pharmacological effects of the core molecule and its derivatives have been studied since the 19th century. There are several synthetic methods to modify this core. The Mannich reaction is one of the most easily implementable examples, which requires mild reaction conditions and simple chemical reagents. The three components of the Mannich reaction are a primary or secondary amine, an aldehyde and a compound having a hydrogen with pronounced activity. In the modified Mannich reaction, naphthol or a nitrogen-containing naphthol analogue (e.g., 8-hydroxyquinoline) is utilised as the active hydrogen provider compound, thus affording the formation of aminoalkylated products. The amine component can be ammonia and primary or secondary amines. The aldehyde component is highly variable, including aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Based on the pharmacological relevance of aminomethylated 8-hydroxyquinolines, this review summarises their syntheses via the modified Mannich reaction starting from 8-hydroxyquinoline, formaldehyde and various amines.

Organocatalytic Atroposelective Cross-Coupling of 1-Azonaphthalenes and 2-Naphthols.

Atroposelective cross-coupling is one of the most appealing routes to construct axially chiral binaphthyl molecules due to the modular and succinct nature. Although transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings offer reliable synthetic means, alternative reaction modes that could be applied to broader substrate range without their pre-functionalization is highly desirable. Herein we show that the application of chiral Brønsted acid catalyst as organocatalyst could accomplish cross-coupling of 1-azonaphthalenes and 2-naphthols with high efficiency, exclusive C4-selectivity as well as excellent enantioselectivity and functional group compatibility. The identification of acylimidazolinone auxiliary for azo activating group, effective remote catalyst control and arene resonance effect synergistically play key roles in the development of this method. The utility is further demonstrated by transformations of the products into other binaphthyl compounds with perfectly retained axial chirality.

Volatile sensation: The chemical ecology of the earthy odorant geosmin.

Geosmin may be the most familiar volatile compound, as it lends the earthy smell to soil. The compound is a member of the largest family of natural products, the terpenoids. The broad distribution of geosmin among bacteria in both terrestrial and aquatic environments suggests that this compound has an important ecological function, for example, as a signal (attractant or repellent) or as a protective specialized metabolite against biotic and abiotic stresses. While geosmin is part of our everyday life, scientists still do not understand the exact biological function of this omnipresent natural product. This minireview summarizes the current general observations regarding geosmin in prokaryotes and introduces new insights into its biosynthesis and regulation, as well as its biological roles in terrestrial and aquatic environments.

A Detailed View on Geosmin Biosynthesis.

The bacterial geosmin synthase is a fascinating bifunctional enzyme that has been discovered almost two decades ago. Several aspects of the cyclisation mechanism from FPP to geosmin are known, but a detailed picture of the stereochemical course of this reaction is unknown. This article reports on a deep investigation of the mechanism of geosmin synthase through isotopic labelling experiments. Furthermore, the effects of divalent cations on geosmin synthase catalysis were investigated. The addition of cyclodextrin to enzymatic reactions, a molecule that can capture terpenes, suggests that the biosynthetic intermediate (1(10)E,5E)-germacradien-11-ol produced by the N-terminal domain is passed to the C-terminal domain not through a tunnel, but rather through release into the medium and uptake by the C-terminal domain.

Selecting Counterions to Improve Ionized Hydrophilic Drug Encapsulation in Polymeric Nanoparticles.

Hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) can successfully increase the drug loading and control the release kinetics of ionizable hydrophilic drugs, addressing challenges that prevent these molecules from reaching the clinic. Nevertheless, polymeric nanoparticle (PNP) formulation development requires trial-and-error experimentation to meet the target product profile, which is laborious and costly. Herein, we design a preformulation framework (solid-state screening, computational approach, and solubility in PNP-forming emulsion) to understand counterion-drug-polymer interactions and accelerate the PNP formulation development for HIP systems. The HIP interactions between a small hydrophilic molecule, AZD2811, and counterions with different molecular structures were investigated. Cyclic counterions formed amorphous ion pairs with AZD2811; the 0.7 pamoic acid/1.0 AZD2811 complex had the highest glass transition temperature (Tg; 162 °C) and the greatest drug loading (22%) and remained as phase-separated amorphous nanosized domains inside the polymer matrix. Palmitic acid (linear counterion) showed negligible interactions with AZD2811 (crystalline-free drug/counterion forms), leading to a significantly lower drug loading despite having similar log P and pKa with pamoic acid. Computational calculations illustrated that cyclic counterions interact more strongly with AZD2811 than linear counterions through dispersive interactions (offset π-π interactions). Solubility data indicated that the pamoic acid/AZD2811 complex has a lower organic phase solubility than AZD2811-free base; hence, it may be expected to precipitate more rapidly in the nanodroplets, thus increasing drug loading. Our work provides a generalizable preformulation framework, complementing traditional performance-indicating parameters, to identify optimal counterions rapidly and accelerate the development of hydrophilic drug PNP formulations while achieving high drug loading without laborious trial-and-error experimentation.

Recent advances in the green synthesis of Betti bases and their applications: a review.

Well-known Betti bases are the products obtained by the one-pot multicomponent reaction of 1-naphthol/2-naphthol, aliphatic/aromatic aldehydes, and secondary amines, and this reaction is known as the Betti reaction. During recent years, due to the unveiling of the pharmacological and synthetic potential of Betti bases, a tremendous increase in the studies reporting novel synthetic methods for the efficient synthesis of Betti bases was observed. This review presents the recent key developments in the green synthesis of the Betti bases and accounts for the significant number of the literature reported during 2019-2022. Both catalyst free as well as the catalyst promoted synthesis (nanocatalyst, biocatalyst, transition metal catalyst, etc.) along with the synthetic applications (catalyst, ligands/chiral auxiliaries, and valuable synthons), optoelectronic applications (fluorescence sensors for phosgene gas, Hg2+, and Cr3+ detection, quasi-reversible redox potential) and biological properties (anticancer agents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, antitubercular agents, pesticidal agents, anti-Alzheimer agents, Topoisomerase I inhibitors, YAP-TEAD interaction inhibitors, and DNA binding and cleavage activity) are discussed. There is a surge of interest for the development of the green and efficient Betti reaction for the construction of C-C and C-N bond in a single-step reaction accessing Betti bases as products. Along with key methodological developments for the green synthesis of Betti bases, their applications in synthetic organic chemistry, optoelectronic sensors, advanced materials synthesis, agrochemicals and pharmaceutically active scaffolds, during the period of 2019-2022, have been considered.

Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of naphthols and electron-rich phenols with 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones.

The enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction is one of the most straightforward and efficient strategies for constructing a new carbon-carbon bond bearing quaternary stereocenter in organic synthesis, but the catalytic asymmetric aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of naphthols/phenols with cyclic-ketimines attached to a neutral functional group remains still relatively unexplored. Herein, a highly enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of cyclic-ketimines and naphthols/phenols has been realized using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst. A variety of chiral aminonaphthols (chiral indolin-3-ones) containing a quaternary stereocenter at the C2 position were obtained with excellent outcomes (up to 97% yield, 98% ee). Moreover, the synthetic utility of the enantiomerically enriched chiral aminonaphthols was demonstrated in some efficient transformations. According to the experimental results, a possible transition state model has been proposed to rationalize the origin of asymmetric induction.

A chiral BINOL-based supramolecular gel enabling sensitive enantioselective and chemoselective collapse toward histidine.

A chiral small molecule gelator (R)-H3L based on 1,1'-bi-2,2'-naphthol (BINOL)-phosphoric acid was designed and prepared, which spontaneously forms a stable water-induced gel. The gelation mechanism was revealed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and a number of spectroscopic methods. Addition of Cu2+ improved the gelation ability, and the resultant metal organic gel realized visual enantioselective and chemoselective recognition toward L-histidine from enantiomers of 19 amino acids via gel collapse. The gel showed a highly sensitive response to L-histidine, and as low as 0.01 equiv. of L-histidine relative to the critical gelation concentration of (R)-H3L-Cu caused the gel to collapse. This strategy of regulating the assembly behavior through the interaction of amino acids and metal ions not only provides a simple and direct way to distinguish enantiomers, but also provides insight into how metal ions regulate the organization of biological supramolecular systems.

A naphthol hydrazone Schiff base bearing benzothiadiazole unit for fluorescent detection of Fe3+ in PC3 cells.

Naphthol hydrazone derivatives are recognized as efficient chelating agents for both qualitative and quantitative detection of metal ions. Here we design a naphthol hydrazine-based chemosensor with covalently linking a strong electron-withdrawing benzothiadiazole group to modulate the molecular electronic structure, nominated as NtHzBtd. The fluorescent probe performs excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards Fe3+ with 1:1 binding stoichiometry, while exhibiting a quick response at 55 s with a relatively low limit of detection of 0.036 µM. A series of spectroscopic measurements in tandem with theoretical calculations suggest that the probe undergoes both intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and chelation enhanced quenching (CHEQ) processes. Successful color rendering of paper strips and bioimaging in PC3 cells demonstrate the promising applicability of NtHzBtd for portable Fe3+ detection in real samples and biosystems.

Atroposelective Synthesis of C-C Axially Chiral Compounds via Mono- and Dinuclear Vanadium Catalysis.

Axially chiral compounds with rotationally constrained σ-bonds that exhibit atropisomerism are lucrative synthetic targets because of their ubiquity in functional materials and natural products. The metal complex-catalyzed enantioselective fabrication of axially chiral scaffolds has been widely investigated, and thus far, considerable progress has been made. Over the past two decades, we have developed a highly efficient strategy for constructing axially chiral biarenol derivatives using chiral mono- and dinuclear vanadium complexes. These complexes are readily prepared from vanadium(IV) salts and Schiff base ligands (generated from the condensation of (S)-tert-leucine and di- or monoformyl-(R)-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) derivatives) under O2 and act as highly active catalysts for highly stereoselective C-C bond formation. In particular, the vanadium complex-catalyzed enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols 1 under oxygen or in air, which is a green oxidant, affords the desired axially chiral molecules in high yields and high stereoselectivity (up to quantitative yield and 97% ee), along with water as the sole coproduct. This coupling reaction tolerated various functional groups (such as halogens, alkoxys, and boryls) and avoided overoxidation of coupling products.The key feature of dinuclear vanadium(V) catalysts such as (Ra,S,S)-5a is an outstanding mode of the homocoupling reaction, in which a single molecule of the catalyst activates two molecules of the starting material (e.g., 2-naphthols) simultaneously. With this "dual activation" mechanism, the oxidative coupling promoted by the dinuclear catalyst proceeds in an intramolecular manner. The homocoupling rate using 5 mol % of the dinuclear vanadium(V) complex (Ra,S,S)-5a was measured to be 111 times faster than that of the mononuclear vanadium(IV) complex (S)-4a bearing a half motif of the dinuclear vanadium complex.In the case of the heterocoupling reaction utilizing two different kinds of arenol derivatives, only a starting arenol having lower oxidation potential seems to be activated by the mononuclear vanadium complex. The reaction rate of the heterocoupling using either mono- or dinuclear vanadium complexes showed no difference to give the coupling product in high yields but with a different enantioselective manner; chiral mononuclear vanadium(V) complexes showed better enantioselectivites than that of the dinuclear vanadium(V) complexes. A competing heterocoupling study and a linear correlation between the ee of the mononucaler vanadium catalyst and ee of the heterocoupling suggested that the heterocoupling involves an intermolecular radical-anion coupling pathway.In this Account, we summarize the recent advances in vanadium-catalyzed coupling reactions that produced important chiral molecules, such as biresorcinols, polycyclic biphenols, oxa[9]helicenes, bihydroxycarbazoles, and C1-symmetrical biarenols, and their coupling reaction mechanisms. By pursuing vanadium catalysis, we believe numerous additional transformations as well as a renewed interest in catalytic and chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective aryl-aryl bond constructions will be manifested.

Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Molecules: Development of Strategies and Skeletons.

The growing importance of axially chiral architectures in different scientific domains has unveiled shortcomings in terms of efficient synthetic access and skeletal variety. This account describes our strategies in answering these challenges within the organocatalytic context where the emergence of bifunctional catalysts such as chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) has proven invaluable in controlling the sense of axial chirality. The wide occurrence of bi(hetero)aryl skeletons in privileged structures constitutes a strong motivation to devise more effective arylation methods. Our design revolves around modulating the intrinsic nucleophilicity of aromatic amines and alcohols. The first approach involves the design of an electron-withdrawing activating group which could associate with the catalyst for reactivity enhancement and selectivity control. The resonance of arenes offers the unique mechanistic possibility to select between activating sites. C2-Azo- and nitroso-substituted naphthalenes undergo atroposelective ortho C- or N-arylation with (hetero)aromatic nucleophiles. For monocyclic benzenes, programmable charge localization leads to regioselective activation by catalytic control alone or aided by substrate design. For instance, selective addition to nitroso nitrogen enables successive annulation initiated by the amine to yield axially chiral N-arylbenzimidazoles. In a biomimetic manner, a finely tuned catalyst could direct a para-selective nucleophilic approach in the atroposelective arylation of azobenzenes. The second strategy employs electrophilic arene precursors for arylation which occurs via rearomatization with central-to-axial chirality transfer. This enabled the arylation of (imino)quinones with indoles to access phenylindole atropisomers. By adapting this chemistry with an additional oxidation event to liberate the carbonyl functionalities, aryl-o-naphthoquinone and aryl-p-quinone atropisomers were attained. Along with the development of new arylation strategies, deriving new axially chiral structures has been another consistent theme of our research program. The atroposelective functionalization of alkynes provides broad entry to atropisomeric alkenes. The monofunctionalization of alkynes through the interception of an electrophilic vinylidene-quinone-methide (VQM) intermediate with 2-naphthols yielded the new EBINOL scaffolds. By designing an internal directing group, the atroposelective dihalogenation of alkynes was realized using abundant alkali halides despite their weak nucleophilicities and poor solubilities. The atroposelective N-alkylation of alkenes was pursued to prepare multifunctionalized alkene atropisomers that could be converted into 2-arylpyrroles with chirality transfer. The synthesis of B-aryl-1,2-azaborines containing a C-B chiral axis was accomplished where the CPA catalyst effects the desymmetrization and defines the configuration of the distal C-B bond. Inspired by the axially chiral scaffold of allenes, we leveraged the developed arene activation strategy to achieve para-addition and dearomatization of judiciously designed azobenzenes, which led to structurally novel cyclohexadienylidene-based hydrazones. To complement these structures, axially chiral cyclohexadienyl oxime ethers were also attained through CPA-catalyzed condensation between hydroxylamines and spiro[4.5]trienones.

Photoinduced C-C bond cleavage for the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted-1-naphthols from indenone derivatives and sulfoxonium ylide.

The synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted-1-naphthols has been developed employing photomediated C-C bond cleavage (UV-LED 390 nm) of cyclopropane fused-indanones generated in situ from the reaction between indenones and trimethylsulfoxonium chloride under basic conditions at room temperature. Seventeen substrates were examined in this study. The results showed that indenone precursors containing aryl substituents could smoothly provide the desired products in up to 81% yield.

A One-Pot Approach for Bio-Based Arylamines via a Combined Photooxidative Dearomatization-Rearomatization Strategy.

The synthesis of arylamines from renewable resources under mild reaction conditions is highly desired for the sustainability of the chemical industry, where the production of hazardous waste is a prime concern. However, to date, there are very few tools in chemists' toolboxes that are able to produce arylamines in a sustainable manner. Herein, a robust one-pot approach for constructing bio-based arylamines via a combined photooxidative dearomatization-rearomatization strategy is presented. The developed methodology enables the synthesis of structurally complex amines in moderate-to-good isolated yields using biomass-derived phenols, natural α-amino acids, and naphthols under remarkably mild reaction conditions. For the photooxygenation of phenols, a novel chrysazine-based catalyst system was introduced, demonstrating its efficiency for the synthesis of natural products - hallerone, rengyolone, and the pharmaceutically relevant prodrug DHED.

Discovery of novel rigid analogs of 2-naphthol with potent anticancer activity through multi-target topoisomerase I & II and tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR & VEGFR-2 inhibition mechanism.

A novel oxygen-containing heterocyclic linked 1H-benzo[f]chromene moieties (4a-g) and (6a-g) with anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell lines was designed, synthesized, and established on the basis of spectral data. All the prepared compounds were evaluated in vitro for their anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, HepG-2 cell lines and normal cell lines HFL-1, WI-38. Compounds 4a, 4b, and 6e exhibited good activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, and HepG-2 cell lines, comparable to that of Vinblastine and Doxorubicin, and weak active against normal cell lines. Moreover, the potential mechanisms of the cytotoxic activity of the promising compounds 4a, 4b, and 6e on the more sensitive cell line MCF-7 were studied. We found that compounds 4a, 4b, and 6e induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases for MCF-7 treated cells compared to untreated cells, which causes apoptosis and inhibits both the topoisomerase I and II enzymes. In addition, compounds 4a and 4b exhibited comparable inhibitory activity on tyrosine kinase receptors EGFR and VEGFR-2 kinases to that of the reference protein kinases inhibitor Sorafenib. The in silico molecular docking of the most active compounds into the active sites of EGFR kinase and Topo I & II enzymes provides us with a reasonable clarification of the interpreted biological data.

MHY2245, a Sirtuin Inhibitor, Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Sirtuins (SIRTs), which are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent class III histone deacetylases, regulate cell division, survival, and senescence. Although sirtinol, a synthetic SIRT inhibitor, is known to exhibit antitumor effects, its mechanism of action is not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to assess the anticancer effects and underlying mechanism of MHY2245, a derivative of sirtinol, in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Treatment with MHY2245 decreased SIRT1 activity and caused DNA damage, leading to the upregulation of p53 acetylation, and increased levels of p53, phosphorylation of H2A histone family member X, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), and Chk2. The level of the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein was also found to decrease. MHY2245 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via the downregulation of cyclin B1, cell division cycle protein 2 (Cdc2), and Cdc25c. Further, MHY2245 induced HCT116 cell death via apoptosis, which was accompanied by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, increased Bcl-2-asscociated X protein levels, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and activation of caspases -3, -8, and -9. Overall, MHY2245 induces cell cycle arrest, triggers apoptosis through caspase activation, and exhibits DNA damage response-associated anticancer effects.